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|motto = |image_flag = |image_coat = |status = |capital = Belfast |latd=54 |latm=36 |latNS=N |longd=5 |longm=55 |longEW=W |largest_city = capital |languages_type = Languages |languages = English |languages2_type = Regional languages |languages2_sub = yes |languages2 = |ethnic_groups = |ethnic_groups_year = 2011 |politics_link = Politics of Northern Ireland |government_type = Consociational devolved legislature within unitary constitutional monarchy |monarch = Elizabeth II |first_minister = Peter Robinson |deputy_first_minister = Martin McGuinness |prime_minister = David Cameron |secretary_of_state = Theresa Villiers |sovereignty_type = Devolution |established_event1 = Government of Ireland Act |established_date1 = 3 May 1921 |established_event2 = |established_date2 = 18 July 1973 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = 17 July 1974 |established_event4 = |established_date4 = 19 November 1998 |legislature = Northern Ireland Assembly |area_rank = |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 14130 |area_footnote = |area_sq_mi = 5456 |percent_water = |population_estimate = 1,852,168〔(NISRA ) Population Clock〕 |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = 2015 |population_census = 1,810,863 |population_census_year = 2011 |population_density_km2 = 131 |population_density_sq_mi = 339 |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP = $45.288 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Regional GDP - GDP per capita in the EU in 2013 )〕 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $24,760 |GDP_nominal_year = 2013 |GDP_nominal = $49.330 billion |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $26,920 |GDP_nominal_rank = |calling_code = +44 |footnote_a = Northern Ireland has no official language. The use of English has been established through precedent. Irish and Ulster Scots are officially recognised by the British Government as minority languages. |footnote_b = +44 is always followed by 28 when calling landlines. The code is 028 within the UK and 048 from the Republic of Ireland }} Northern Ireland ((アイルランド語:Tuaisceart Éireann〔(An Roinn Dlí agus Cirt agus Comhionannais : Tuaisceart Éireann ). Justice.ie. Retrieved on 23 July 2013.〕) ; Ulster Scots: ') is a constituent unit〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Ireland )〕 of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the northeast of the island of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or "part" of the United Kingdom, amongst other terms. Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863,〔 constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the UK's population. Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the British government. Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas, and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to "put forward views and proposals" with "determined efforts to resolve disagreements between (two governments )". Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by an act of the British parliament. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922, the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom, most of whom were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain; however, a significant minority, mostly Catholics, were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule.〔Richard Jenkin, 1997, ''Rethinking ethnicity: arguments and explorations'', SAGE Publications: London: "In Northern Ireland the objectives of contemporary nationalists are the reunification of Ireland and the removal of British government."〕〔Peter Dorey, 1995, ''British politics since 1945'', Blackwell Publishers: Oxford: "Just as some Nationalists have been prepared to use violence in order to secure Irish reunification, so some Unionists have been prepared to use violence in order to oppose it."〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Strategy Framework Document: Reunification through Planned Integration: Sinn Féin's All Ireland Agenda ) Sinn Féin. Retrieved 2 August 2008.〕 Today, the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish; some people from both persuasions describe themselves as Northern Irish. For most of the 20th century, when it came into existence, Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland David Trimble called a "cold house" for Catholics. In the late 1960s, conflict between state forces and Protestants, and Catholics, erupted into three decades of violence known as the Troubles, which claimed over 3,500 lives 〔http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html〕 and caused over 50,000 casualties.〔(Security and defense-related statistics. ) Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)〕 The 1998 Good Friday Agreement was a major step in the peace process, including the decommissioning of weapons, although sectarianism and religious segregation still remain major social problems and sporadic violence has continued.〔"The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance."Jack Holland: Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland. Henry Holt & Company, 1999, p. 221; ISBN 0-8050-6087-1〕 Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland. After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles, its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. The initial growth came from the "peace dividend" and the links and increased trade with the Republic of Ireland, continuing with a significant increase in tourism, investment and business from around the world. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17.2% in 1986, dropping to 6.1% and down by 1.2 percentage points over the year,〔(Department of Enterprise, Trade, and Investment: Full Economic Overview, 15 October 2014 )〕 similar to the UK figure of 6.2%.〔(The Guardian newspaper:UK unemployment rate falls to lowest level since 2008 financial crisis, 17 September 2014 )〕 58.2% of those unemployed had been unemployed for over a year. Prominent artists and sports persons from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison, Rory McIlroy, Joey Dunlop and George Best. Some people in Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish (e.g., poet Seamus Heaney and actor Liam Neeson) while others prefer to identify as British (e.g. actor Kenneth Branagh). Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, with Northern Ireland sharing both the culture of Ireland and the culture of the United Kingdom. In most sports, the island of Ireland fields a single team, a notable exception being association football. Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and athletes from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games. ==History== The region that is now Northern Ireland was the bedrock of the Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism in the late 16th century. The English-controlled Kingdom of Ireland had been declared by the English king Henry VIII in 1542, but Irish resistance made English control fragmentary. Following Irish defeat at the Battle of Kinsale, though, the region's Gaelic, Roman Catholic aristocracy fled to continental Europe in 1607 and the region became subject to major programmes of colonialism by Protestant English (mainly Anglican) and Scottish (mainly Presbyterian) settlers. A rebellion in 1641 by Irish aristocrats against English rule resulted in a massacre of settlers in Ulster in the context of a war breaking out between England, Scotland and Ireland fuelled by religious intolerance in government. Victories by English forces in that war and further Protestant victories in the Williamite War in Ireland toward the close of the 17th century solidified Anglican rule in Ireland. In Northern Ireland, the victories of the Siege of Derry (1689) and the Battle of the Boyne (1690) in this latter war are still celebrated by some Protestants (both Anglican and Presbyterian).〔(Bank holidays | nidirect )〕〔(Lundy's Day: Thousands attend 'peaceful' Londonderry parade - BBC News )〕 Following the victory of 1691, and contrary to the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, after the Pope who had been allied to William of Orange recognised James II as continuing king of Great Britain and Ireland in place of William, a series of penal laws was passed by the Anglican ruling class in Ireland. Their intention was to materially disadvantage the Catholic community and, to a lesser extent, the Presbyterian community. In the context of open institutional discrimination, the 18th century saw secret, militant societies develop in communities in the region and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks. These events escalated at the end of the century following an event known as the Battle of the Diamond, which saw the supremacy of the Anglican and Presbyterian Peep o'Day Boys over the Catholic Defenders and leading to the formation of the Anglican Orange Order. A rebellion in 1798 led by the cross-community Belfast-based Society of the United Irishmen and inspired by the French Revolution sought to break the constitutional ties between Ireland and Britain and unite Irish people of all religions. Following this, in an attempt to quell sectarianism and force the removal of discriminatory laws (and to prevent the spread of French-style republicanism to Ireland), the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain pushed for the two kingdoms to be merged. The new state, formed in 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was governed from a single government and parliament based in London. Between 1717 and 1775 some 250,000 people from Ulster emigrated to the British North American colonies. It is estimated that there are more than 27 million Scotch-Irish Americans now living in the US. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Northern Ireland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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